Urbanization and Rural Migrants

Definitions urbanization The process in which an increasing proportion of the race live in cities/urban beas. Urban growth Increase in population size and/or physical size of the towns, cities and new(prenominal) large urban settlements in a country or a region. Process whereby settlements grow in term of population number and/or physical size Megacity A giant metropolis with a population of at least 10 million Slums A residential bea that is physically and socially deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Squatters Shelters with poor structural quality and developed without legal cl organises to the land and/or permit from the concerned authoritiesTrends in urbanisationGeneral trendsIn 1950, there were two megacities with 10 million or more inhabitants. By 2005, this number has increased to 20 and it is projected that there will be 22 megacities by 2015. developing countries will have 18 of the 22 megacities in 2015.LEDCs vs MEDCsSince 1950, the most rapid growth in urbanisation has occurred in LEDCs (Less frugalally Developed Countries) in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990, the urban population in LEDCs has doubled. In China, the urban population grew from 192 million to 375 million in 16 eld. However, this is not the case in MEDCs, which rather face the phenomenon of counter-urbanisation where people choose to move away from the bustling city to the quieter rural environment.Positive impacts (Reasons for urbanisation)Wage and employment diffe schismials Economic advancements ar better in the city for migrants due to higher wages and increased number of functional days. For example, In Dehli, rural migrantsincome increase by 150% comp ared to those in villages. Job opportunities in the city eject also be found in the form of employment in informal sectors such as hawkers selling food by the sidewalks. This requires limited capital as notes does not have to be spent on renting a workplace or a stall.T he cities provide a great opportunity for rural migrants to climb the income ladder. The increased wealth will enhance the lives of the migrants and their families as money gage be spent on proper food, urine, healthcare and even education. If the money is invested well in their children, their families provide be brought out of the cycle of poverty, increasing their standard of living in the enormous run.Access to Amenities and ServicesDue to the sozzled proximity of people in the highly populated cities, it is easier and cheaper to provide amenities that are accessible and affordable to everyone. This is referred to as the economies of scale, indeed allowing city dwellers to have better and cheaper access to water and electrical supply. This results in an advance in their living standards and decreases ones chance of contracting diseases related to the escape of proper water supply.For example, water pipes and sewers can be constructed within densely populated areas more efficiently than laying prospicient pipelines connecting houses in more dispersed rural settlements. The poor access to basic nucleotide has a disproportional effect on rural women as they perform most of the domestic chores and often walk long distances to fetch water. The energy spent on getting water can be better channeled to frugal activities in urban areas.Future ProspectsPeople are willing to endure short-term difficulties in the hopes of better prospects of economic authorise and improved welfare in the longer term, even if only for their children.Economic growthCities are engines of economic growth as they are places where money, services, wealth and manpower are centralized. Cheap labour will attract foreign investors as production bell is low. Through trade and tourism, foreign money will flow into the country, boosting the economy. Urban-based economic activities card for more than 50% of the grossdomestic product (GDP) In all countries. For example, Mumbai, the richest city in India, ha the highest GDP of any city in South, West and exchange Asia.Negative impacts (Challenges)Urban unemployment and urban povertyThere is a huge economic income disparity, leaving a huge gap between the rich and the poor in the cities. This is because the rural migrants insufficiency education and the skills required to get a good job. Hence, the inhabitants of the urban areas have better access to the mixed industries due to the higher levels of education they received, while rural migrants only earn a meager income. This is make worse by the lack of jobs due to the sudden increase in population and workforce in the city. Many rural migrants turn to the informal sector as their source of income, where there is no accept for them to pay valuatees.However, this results in a decrease in the governments income, which can be employ to build and improve infrastructure and provide better amenities and services to the people. For example, in Morocco, street vend ors are a common sight as these mobile traders do not have to pay rent or municipal tax. However, these informal traders cause small retailers to lose out in the competition and has obligate many small businesses in the area to close down.Traffic congestionThe increased income bureau an increase in close ownership of cars as a form of luxury instead of taking public transportation. However, this leads to traffic congestions during breaker point hours due to insufficient roads in the transport network, leading to delays and frustrations. It is estimated that in Bangkok, a car spends an medium of 44 days per year stuck in traffic. Apart from being a waste of time, it also causes environmental and noise pollution. This affects the quality of life for urban dwellers.Environmental degradationThe increase in private car ownership and early(a) human activities result in air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation such as dumping of chemical waste in waterways. More tha n 80% of sewer in developingcountries is pink-slipped untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and coastal areas. This makes water unfit for drinking and also upsets the ecosystem. Fumes from exhaust pipes cause the air to be filled with harmful particles that negatively affect the health of urban dwellers, especially those with respiratory difficulties such as asthma.This is a prominent problem in Beijing, where the smog in the air is so thick that it is a cause of worry for the citizens. Smoking causes lead pollution in the air, which has adverse effects on others health. The air in New Mexico causes lead levels in babies to be so high that it impairs their genius development. This affects the social wellbeing of the citizens.HousingRapid urbanisation has led to the development of squatter settlements and an informal sector to the economy. By 2050, it is estimated that the gentlemans gentlemans population will be 9 billion, of which 3.5 million will be living in passs and squatter s ettlements. There is a huge demand for accommodate due to the great increase in urban population. This pushes up the price of housing. Poor rural migrants who are unable to afford proper housing are forced to live in slums or squatters.1. These settlements lack proper sanitation, drainage and disposal systems (dumping ground). The houses are closely packed in a disorderly fashion, and often overcrowded with people. This makes the spread of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis quick and easy, giving rise to a high likelihood of health problems, especially wedded the unsanitary conditions. 2. There is an inadequate access to clean water and lack of a proper sewage system, allowing water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid to be spread easily. (2 million children are killed yearly by water contaminated by sewage.)3. There might be a high incidence of disregard breakouts as the close proximity of the houses make it easy for the fire to spread. Furthermore, the disorderly arrangement of houses makes it difficult for slum residents to escape easily from the fire. 4. Lack of basic amenities and services such as electricity means the need to use oil lamps and kerosene for dismissal. This also increases the chance of a fire. 5. Makeshift shelters are reinforced using low quality building materials such ascardboards, planks, etc. that might be flammable. This encourages a fire breakout, and also means that a fire can cause the residents to lose all their possessions. 6. The lack of a proper drainage system might lead to flooding, especially for slum settlements build on water-retention areas.SolutionsHOUSING1. (Overcrowding) Curb the flow of rural-urban migration to ensure that the government can cope with the pace and provide the necessary infrastructure required a. Improve living conditions in rural areas such that there will not be a need for rural dwellers to move to the city. b. Indonesian migrants to Jakarta are required to obtain star sign cards to prove that they have a job and accommodation in the city before licence is granted to them to leave the rural areas. 2. (Slums) Improving living conditions of squatter settlements a. For a Better Calcutta in India The Central Metropolitan Development Authority (CDMA) launched this 250 million programme to make slums more bearable and the city habitable by installing sanitation and sewers, drinking water and streetlights, health care and education. a.i. 150 000 street lighting points provideda.ii. Provision of 90 litres of water per capita per day. More than 20 000 water tap points and connections have been provided a.iii. Revamp and restoration of drainage and sewage systems 45 000 permanent sanitary latrines (1 per 35 people) a.iv. Construction of 600m of paved roads and pathwaysa.v. Gardens, position and playgrounds on 60 sites are under construction.Provision of subsidized housing and relocationa. Cingapura project, Sao Paulo, Brazila.i. Brazil aims to replace slums with low-rise blocks of flats. They aim to resettle 92 000 families from 243 slum sites a.ii. Residents pay for the house over a span of 20 years at a low interest rate. 4. Self-Help Schemesa. In Nairobi, Kenya Africa, the World back gives financial support to thesquatters. twist lots are provided and laid out with water, drains, roads lighting and occasionally clinics and schools. Squatters are given scurvy loans for building materials and are expected to build their own homes on prepared sites. 5. With these interventions, slum and squatter dwellers of urban areas are experiencing an improvement in the living environment.TRAFFIC 1. Restrictionsa. Curbing vehicle growth by increasing the cost of private car to discourage car ownership. a.i. For example, in SG, potential car owners must pay to instruction for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE) b. Reducing congestion by limiting the number of cars on the road. b.i. In Singapore, ERP gantries are set up on frequently congested roads to collect additional road tax during peak hours. b.ii. Beijing restricts certain cars with certain numbers from going on the roads on weekdays 2. foster the use of public transport by improving and subsidizing public transport to make it accessible and affordable.MacroconceptsUrbanisation is an fatal process for a country on its way to development. No country has achieved high-income status without first urbanizing, and nigh all countries become at least 50% urbanized before fully reaching middle-income status. urbanization plays an important role in economic, political and cultural development, and also provides better access to education, employment and healthcare, hence improving the social wellbeing of the people.Even though urbanisation brings about both advantages and disadvantages, many of the urban problems are results of poor management and planning and the absence of coherent urban policies. For example, in Africa, urban areas are economically stagnant or in recession, h ence local authorities do not have the money or expertise to provide services such as access to water, housing, education and healthcare. This results in the system of slums. (70% of Africas urban population live in slums) Hence, urbanisation itself is not a problem, and should be encouraged. However, it has to be accompanied with proper planning andregulation.